Feb 28, · Institutional racism doesn’t just affect adults but children in K schools as well. Anecdotes from families, research studies, and discrimination lawsuits all reveal that children of color face bias in schools. They’re disciplined more harshly, less likely to be identified as gifted, or to have access to quality teachers, to name but a few examples v Abstract For the past 25 years, the structure of academic research papers has been examined by linguists. In the present study, the functions of references in discussion and conclusion In: The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present, by Henry K. Norton. 7th ed. Chicago, A.C. McClurg & Co., Chapter XXIV, pp.
How Racism Affects Children of Color in Public Schools
search index by essay discrimination by year biographies books SF Activities shop museum contact. Chinese in San Francisco California Gold Rush. THE CHINESE by Henry Kittredge Norton Like every other nation in the world, the Chinese Empire was represented in the great rush for California which took place during the gold excitement.
At the beginning of the year there were in the state only essay discrimination Chinamen. At the news of the essay discrimination discovery a steady immigration commenced which continued untilat which time the Chinese in the United States numberedof whomwere in the state of California.
This increase in their numbers, rapid even in comparison with the general increase in population, was largely essay discrimination to the fact that previous to the year China was nearer to the shores of California than was the eastern portion of the United States. Another circumstance which contributed to the heavy influx of Chinese was the fact that news of essay discrimination gold discovery found southeastern China in poverty and ruin caused by the Taiping rebellion.
Masters of vessels made the most of this coincidence of favorable circumstances, essay discrimination. They distributed in all the Chinese ports, essay discrimination, placards, maps and pamphlets with highly colored accounts of the golden hills of California, essay discrimination. The fever spread among the yellow men essay discrimination it did among others, and the ship-men reaped essay discrimination harvest from passage money.
Probably the most conspicuous characteristic of the Chinese is their passion for work. The Chinaman seemingly must work. If he cannot secure work at a high wage he will take it at a low wage, but he is a good bargainer for his labor and only needs the opportunity to ask for more pay.
This is true of the whole nation, from the lowest to the highest. They lack inventiveness and initiative but have an enormous capacity for imitation. With proper instruction their industrial adaptability is very great.
They learn what they are shown with almost incredible facility, and soon become adept. If the social conditions prevailing in California in the days of ’49 are recalled, it is not essay discrimination to realize how welcome were the Chinese who first came to the country.
Here were men who would do the drudgery of life at a reasonable wage when every other man had but one idea—to work at the mines for gold. Here were cooks, laundrymen, and servants ready and willing. Just what early California civilization most wanted these men could and would supply, essay discrimination. The result was that the Chinaman was welcomed; he was considered quite indispensable. He was in demand as a laborer, essay discrimination, as a carpenter, as a cook; the restaurants which he established were well patronized; his agricultural essay discrimination in draining and tilling the rich tule lands were praised.
Governor McDougal referred to him as “one of the most worthy of our newly adopted citizens. The Chinese took a prominent part in the parades in celebration of the admission of the state to the Union, essay discrimination. The Alta California, a San Francisco newspaper, went so far as to say, “The China Boys will yet vote at the same polls, study at the same schools, and bow at the same altar as our countrymen.
The Chinese were surely in a land of milk and honey. They had left a land of war essay discrimination starvation where work could not be had and food must be begged and here they found themselves in the midst of work and plenty.
They were everywhere welcomed and their wages were such that they could save a substantial part to send back to the families they had left at home in China; or, if they did not wish to labor for masters, they could go to the mines. Here they could take an old claim which had been abandoned by the white miner and dig from it gold dust which to them represented wealth untold. They were careful not to antagonise these whites essay discrimination prospecting ahead of them, and in return they received the same treatment in the mining districts that they had met with in San Francisco, essay discrimination.
The Chinaman was welcomed as long as the surface gold essay discrimination plentiful enough to make rich all who came. But that happy essay discrimination was not long to continue. Thousands of Americans came flocking in to the mines, essay discrimination. Rich surface claims soon became exhausted. These newcomers did not find it so easy as their predecessors had done to amass large fortunes in a few days. California did not fulfil the promise of the golden essay discrimination that had been told of her.
These gold-seekers were disappointed, essay discrimination. In the bitterness of their disappointment they turned upon the men of other races who were working side by side with them and accused them of stealing their wealth.
They boldly asserted that California’s gold belonged to them, essay discrimination. The cry of “California for the Americans” was raised and taken up on all sides, essay discrimination.
Within a short time the Frenchman, the Mexican and the Chileño had been driven out and the full force of this anti-foreign persecution fell upon the unfortunate Chinaman. From the beginning, essay discrimination, though well received, the Chinese had been a race apart. Their peculiar dress and pigtail marked them off from the rest of the population.
Their camps at the mines were always apart from the main camps of white miners. This made it essay discrimination easier to turn upon them this hatred of outsiders. With the great inrush of gold-seekers the abandoned claims which the Chinese had been working, again became desirable to the essay discrimination and the Chinese were driven from them with small concern.
Where might made right the peaceable Chinaman had little chance. The state legislature was wholly in sympathy essay discrimination the anti-foreign movement, and as early as passed the Foreign Miners’ License law.
This imposed a tax of twenty dollars a month on all foreign miners. Instead of bringing into the state treasury the revenue promised by its framers, this law had the effect of depopulating some camps and of seriously injuring all of them. San Francisco became overrun with penniless foreigners and their care became a serious problem.
The law was conceded to be a failure and was repealed the following year, essay discrimination. By the time this was done, however, the Chinese had become the most conspicuous body of foreigners in the country and therefore had to bear the brunt of the attacks upon the foreign element.
Governor Bigler suddenly became inspired with the realization of the value of an attack upon them as a political asset. He sent a special message to the legislature in which he charged them with being contract “coolie” laborers, avaricious, ignorant of moral obligations, incapable of being assimilated, and dangerous to the public welfare. The result was a renewal of the foreign miners’ tax, but in a milder form than its predecessor. This did not satisfy the miners, essay discrimination, who essay discrimination at that time the strongest body, in the community, and the next year the tax was again made prohibitive.
But it was not only the miners who hated the Chinese, essay discrimination. The yield of the placers began to decline inand the discovery of gold in Australia brought on a financial panic in the latter year. Prices, rents and values fell rapidly and many business houses failed.
There were strikes for higher wages among laborers and mechanics though the prevalent rate for skilled labor was ten dollars per day and for unskilled three dollars and a half. Investors became alarmed and, withdrew their capital, essay discrimination. Essay discrimination of unsuccessful miners drifted back into San Francisco and began to look for work at their old time occupations.
The labor market was essay discrimination and an enormous number were out of work. To these unemployed men the presence of thousands of Chinese, thrifty, industrious, cheap, and above all, un-American, was obviously the cause of their plight. The cry was raised that the large number of Chinese in the country tended to injure the interests of the working classes and to degrade labor.
It was claimed that they, deprived white men of positions by taking lower wages and that they sent their savings back to Essay discrimination that thus they were human leeches sucking the very life-blood of this country, essay discrimination.
Whoever came to their defense was immediately accused of having mercenary motives or of being half-witted. The “coolie” fiction of Governor Bigler was seized upon.
In the first half of the nineteenth century a pseudo-slave trade essay discrimination sprung up in transporting Chinese laborers under contract to work at a certain wage for a certain period to Cuba, and parts of South America.
Such laborers were ignorantly called “coolies” by those who were not familiar with the Chinese language. The essay discrimination itself comes from two Chinese words, “koo” meaning to rent, and “lee” meaning muscle.
The coolies are those who rent out their muscles, that is, unskilled laborers, essay discrimination. In the four classes of China they rank with the third, being considered a higher class than the merchants but below the scholars and farmers.
The word in essay discrimination way signifies any sort of bondage. The “coolies” are perfectly free just as our own laborers are. The Chinese who came to California were largely of this class and so described themselves on their arrival. It did not take long for the anti-Chinese agitators to define a “coolie” as a contract laborer and to describe how he was bound to a master in China to work a certain essay discrimination of years at a small wage and how this terrible system was eating the very vitals out of American labor.
This American labor about which there was so much concern was almost wholly composed of Irish and other European aliens who were no more American than the Chinese. But they had a vote in essay discrimination. The Chinese did not. While the success of the coolie fiction was largely due to the fact that there were so many who wanted to believe it, a number of circumstances combined to give it greater vitality. Most of the business transactions of the Chinese were done through their benevolent organizations which came to be locally known as the “Six Companies.
This was not the true situation. These Companies simply acted as clearing-houses for all sorts of transactions among the Chinese, as they had found that they could handle things in a strange land more satisfactorily through such associations than they could individually, essay discrimination.
Another thing which strengthened the coolie fiction was the manner in which the Chinese were employed on the construction work. of the Central Pacific Railroad. Because of the scarcity essay discrimination labor the men in charge of this construction work had sent an agent to China to secure Chinese laborers.
In order to get these men over to this country, it was necessary to advance their passage-money and other expenses. This note provided for monthly instalment payments running over a period of seven months and was endorsed by friends in China, essay discrimination. This financial arrangement was of course seized upon and made much of by the anti-Chinese agitators as the final proof of “coolieism.
In the present instance this phantom of Chinese slavery became so thoroughly a part of the political life of the Pacific Coast that no attempt was made essay discrimination reach the truth of the matter. Every man in public life was under so binding a necessity to accept the popular belief in regard to the Chinese and to truckle to it at every turn, that for one essay discrimination seek the real truth of the matter was to end forthwith his political career.
In the years following this unthinking, prejudiced, anti-Chinese movement ran riot. Various schemes were proposed for ridding the country of the Chinese as if they were a pest. It was seriously suggested that they be all returned to China, but as this would have involved an expense of about seven millions of dollars and ten or a dozen ships for every vessel that was available, it was essay discrimination laid aside.
This scheme failing, it was asserted that they could at least be driven from the mines. But as this would have deprived the state of a large revenue from licenses and would have crowded the outcasts in still greater numbers to the cities and agricultural districts, this too was abandoned.
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Apr 21, · Throughout the novella “Of Mice and Men,” Steinbeck uses the character of crooks to highlight the racial discrimination in s America. During the great depression Black Americans faced hostility, bigotry and persecution. In Southern states, Jim Crow laws bolstered racial segregation and groups such as the Ku Klux Klan were extremely active Feb 28, · Institutional racism doesn’t just affect adults but children in K schools as well. Anecdotes from families, research studies, and discrimination lawsuits all reveal that children of color face bias in schools. They’re disciplined more harshly, less likely to be identified as gifted, or to have access to quality teachers, to name but a few examples In: The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present, by Henry K. Norton. 7th ed. Chicago, A.C. McClurg & Co., Chapter XXIV, pp.
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